Industrial (In)Difference

Exhibited at the Graduation Show 2026, Royal Academy of Art (KABK), The Hague
2–7 July 2026

(Close)

Industrial (In)Difference is a factory-floor assembly line and quality-control department that continuously produces the FÄRGRIK mug, IKEA's cheapest mug, currently sold for €1,29. Mugs are passed along a conveyor belt to the quality control department, where they are assessed against a set of criteria and assigned a value. Each mug carries that value with it to a store display at the end of the line, where visitors can purchase it for whatever price the assessment determined it was worth.

In mass production, quality control serves as a means of measuring conformance. Any product with a defect beyond a designated threshold is immediately rejected. The boundary between defect and ‘acceptable difference’ is not fixed. Technical limits, economic pressures, and cultural expectations shape the level of difference that is tolerated. What counts as acceptable difference is what goes unnoticed, what does not break the illusion, and what can still be sold.

This quality control relates only to an object's physical properties, not the labour conditions under which it was produced or its environmental impact. I started thinking about this through my own experience making and selling pottery. Even when the intention is to make the same piece again and again, subtle variations always emerge. People would often tell me that they could find similar pottery much cheaper at a home goods store. This made me curious about the conditions under which these products are actually made that allow them to be sold at such low prices. At high-end pottery studios in the Global North, human labour is celebrated as a source of value, reflected in the price and marketing of their products. But in mass-scale production, it is also people who carry out many, often most, steps of the ceramic process, and yet that is not indicated in the final product price. This absence is not accidental, and our indifference to it is not innocent. Workers in ceramic factories thousands of miles away from the retail stores are rendered invisible by distance and by the design of global supply chains that depend on keeping their contribution out of the picture. A €1,29 price point is only possible if the consumer does not ask who made it, where it was made, and under what conditions. Designer Marjanne van Helvert, in her ‘Dirty Design Manifesto’, argues that design is never neutral. Every object carries with it the social and environmental conditions of its production, whether those conditions are made visible or not.

This project is a reminder that mass-produced goods are also made by hand, and asks people to (re)consider where their objects come from and how we assign value to them. China's industrial ceramics sector alone employs nearly 200,000 people, the vast majority unnamed and unacknowledged in the products they produce. Many are internal migrants housed in factory dormitories, giving employers control not only over employment but over the daily lives of workers.

The past two years in the Master Industrial Design have deepened my critical practice and sharpened my perspective on the systems behind the things we make and buy. This project reflects my position between craft and industry, asking what gets lost in the translation from one to the other. Many of my projects take on serious subjects but approach them with humor, finding the absurdity in the systems we perpetuate to encourage engagement with something a viewer might otherwise walk past.

(Close)

Mike Sullivan